Já agora aqui fica tambem este

Text of President Barack Obama's speech at Cairo University, as provided by CQ Transcriptions.

Good afternoon. I am honored to be in the timeless city of Cairo and to be hosted by two remarkable institutions. For over a thousand years, Al-Azhar has had stood as a beacon of Islamic learning. And for over a century, Cairo University has been a source of Egypt's advancement. Together, you represent the harmony between tradition and progress.

I'm grateful for your hospitality and the hospitality of the people of Egypt. And I'm also proud to carry with me the good will of the American people and a greeting of peace from Muslim communities in my country: Assalamu-alaikum.

(APPLAUSE)

We meet at a time of great tension between the United States and Muslims around the world, tension rooted in historical forces that go beyond any current policy debate. The relationship between Islam and the West includes centuries of coexistence and cooperation but also conflict and religious wars.

More recently, tension has been fed by colonialism that denied rights and opportunities to many Muslims and a Cold War in which Muslim majority countries were too often treated as proxies without regard to their own aspirations. Moreover, the sweeping change brought by modernity and globalization led many Muslims to view the West as hostile to the traditions of Islam.

Violent extremists have exploited these tensions in a small but potent minority of Muslims. The attacks of September 11, 2001, and the continued efforts of these extremists to engage in violence against civilians has led some in my country to view Islam as inevitably hostile not only to America and western countries but also to human rights.

All this has bred more fear and more mistrust. So long as our relationship is defined by our differences, we will empower those who sow hatred rather than peace, those who promote conflict rather than the cooperation that can help all of our people achieve justice and prosperity. And this cycle of suspicion and discord must end.

I've come here to Cairo to seek a new beginning between the United States and Muslims around the world, one based on mutual interest and mutual respect, and one based upon the truth that America and Islam are not exclusive and need not be in competition. Instead, they overlap and share common principles, principles of justice and progress, tolerance and the dignity of all human beings.

I do so recognizing that change cannot happen overnight. I know there's been a lot of publicity about this speech, but no single speech can eradicate years of mistrust nor can I answer in the time that I have this afternoon all the complex questions that brought us to this point.

But I am convinced that in order to move forward, we must say openly to each other the things we hold in our hearts and that too often are said only behind closed doors. There must be a sustained effort to listen to each other, to learn from each other, to respect one another, and to seek common ground.

As the Holy Quran tells us, Be conscious of God and speak always the truth.

(APPLAUSE)

That is what I will try to do today, to speak the truth as best I can. Humbled by the task before us and firm in my belief that the interests we share as human beings are far more powerful than the forces that drive us apart.

Now, part of this conviction is rooted in my own experience. I'm a Christian. But my father came from a Kenyan family that includes generations of Muslims. As a boy, I spent several years in Indonesia and heard the call of the azaan at the break of dawn and at the fall of dusk.

As a young man, I worked in Chicago communities where many found dignity and peace in their Muslim faith. As a student of history, I also know civilization's debt to Islam. It was Islam at places like Al-Azhar that carried the light of learning through so many centuries, paving the way for Europe's renaissance and enlightenment. It was innovation in Muslim communities...

(APPLAUSE)

It was innovation in Muslim communities that developed the order of algebra, our magnetic compass and tools of navigation, our mastery of pens and printing, our understanding of how disease spreads and how it can be healed. Islamic culture has given us majestic arches and soaring spires, timeless poetry and cherished music, elegant calligraphy and places of peaceful contemplation. And throughout history, Islam has demonstrated through words and deeds the possibilities of religious tolerance and racial equality.

(APPLAUSE)

I also know that Islam has always been a part of America's story. The first nation to recognize my country was Morocco. In signing the Treaty of Tripoli in 1796, our second president, John Adams, wrote,

The United States has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion or tranquility of Muslims. And since our founding, American Muslims have enriched the United States.

They have fought in our wars. They have served in our government. They have stood for civil rights. Theyhave started businesses. They have taught at our universities. They've excelled in our sports arenas. They've won Nobel Prizes, built our tallest building and lit the Olympic torch. And when the first Muslim American was recently elected to Congress, he took the oath to defend our Constitution using the same holy Quran that one of our founding fathers, Thomas Jefferson, kept in his personal library.

(APPLAUSE)

So I have known Islam on three continents before coming to the region where it was first revealed. That experience guides my conviction that partnership between America and Islam must be based on what Islam is, not what it isn't. And I consider it part of my responsibility as president of the United States to fight against negative stereotypes of Islam wherever they appear.

(APPLAUSE)

But that same principle must apply to Muslim perceptions of America. Just as...

(APPLAUSE)

Just as Muslims do not fit a crude stereotype, America is not the crude stereotype of a self-interested empire. The United States has been one of the greatest sources of progress that the world has ever known. We were born out of revolution against an empire.

We were founded upon the ideal that all are created equal. And we have shed blood and struggled for centuries to give meaning to those words, within our borders and around the world.

We are shaped by every culture. Drawn from every end of the Earth, and dedicated to a simple concept, E pluribus unum: Out of many, one.

Now much has been made of the fact that an African-American with the name Barack Hussein Obama could be elected president.

(APPLAUSE)

But my personal story is not so unique. The dream of opportunity for all people has not come true for everyone in America, but its promise exists for all who come to our shores. And that includes nearly 7 million American Muslims in our country today who, by the way, enjoy incomes and educational levels that are higher than the American average.

Moreover, freedom in America is indivisible from the freedom to practice one's religion. That is why there is a mosque in every state in our union and over 1,200 mosques within our borders. That's why the United States government has gone to court to protect the right of women and girls to wear the hijab, and to punish those who would deny it.

So let there be no doubt...

(APPLAUSE)

... let there be no doubt, Islam is a part of America. And I believe that America holds within her the truth that regardless of race, religion, or station in life, all of us share common aspirations: to live in peace and security, to get an education and to work with dignity, to love our families, our communities, and our God. These things we share. This is the hope of all humanity.

Of course, recognizing our common humanity is only the beginning of our task. Words alone cannot meet the needs of our people. These needs will be met only if we act boldly in the years ahead. And if we understand that the challenges we face are shared and our failure to meet them will hurt us all.

For we have learned from recent experience that when a financial system weakens in one country, prosperity is hurt everywhere. When a new flu infects one human being, all are at risk. When one nation pursues a nuclear weapon, the risk of nuclear attack rises for all nations.

When violent extremists operate in one stretch of mountains, people are endangered across an ocean. When innocents in Bosnia and Darfur are slaughtered, that is a stain on our collective conscience.

(APPLAUSE)

That is what it means to share this world in the 21st Century. That is the responsibility we have to one another as human beings. This is a difficult responsibility to embrace, for human history has often been a record of nations and tribes, and, yes, religions subjugating one another in pursuit of their own interests.

Yet in this new age, such attitudes are self-defeating. Given our interdependence, any world order that elevates one nation or group of people over another will inevitably fail. So whatever we think of the past, we must not be prisoners to it. Our problems must be dealt with through partnership, our progress must be shared.

(APPLAUSE)

Now, that does not mean we should ignore sources of tension. Indeed, it suggests the opposite. We must face these tensions squarely. And so, in that spirit, let me speak as clearly and as plainly as I can about some specific issues that I believe we must finally confront together.

The first issue that we have to confront is violent extremism in all its forms. In Ankara, I made clear that America is not and never will be at war with Islam.

(APPLAUSE)

We will, however, relentlessly confront violent extremists who pose a grave threat to our security because we reject the same thing that people of all faiths reject, the killing of innocent men, women, and children. And it is my first duty as president to protect the American people.

The situation in Afghanistan demonstrates America's goals and our need to work together. Overseven years ago, the United States pursued Al Qaida and the Taliban with broad international support. We did not go by choice. We went because of necessity. I'm aware that there's still some who would question or even justify the offense of 9/11. But let us be clear. Al Qaida killed nearly 3,000 people on that day.

The victims were innocent men, women, and children from America and many other nations who had done nothing to harm anybody. And yet Al Qaida chose to ruthlessly murder these people, claimed credit for the attack, and even now states their determination to kill on a massive scale. They have affiliates in many countries and are trying to expand their reach.

These are not opinions to be debated. These are facts to be dealt with. Make no mistake, we do not want to keep our troops in Afghanistan. We see no military -- we seek no military bases there. It is agonizing for America to lose our young men and women. It is costly and politically difficult to continue this conflict.

We would gladly bring every single one of our troops home if we could be confident that there were not violent extremists in Afghanistan and now Pakistan determined to kill as many Americans as they possibly can. But that is not yet the case.

And that's why we're partnering with a coalition of 46 countries. And despite the costs involved, America's commitment will not weaken. Indeed, none of us should tolerate these extremists. They have killed in many countries. They have killed people of different faiths but, more than any other, they have killed Muslims. Their actions are irreconcilable with the rights of human beings, the progress of nations, and with Islam.

The Holy Quran teaches that whoever kills an innocent is as -- it is as it if has killed all mankind.

(APPLAUSE)

And the Holy Quran also says whoever saves a person, it is as if he has saved all mankind.

(APPLAUSE)

The enduring faith of over a billion people is so much bigger than the narrow hatred of a few. Islam is not part of the problem in combating violent extremism; it is an important part of promoting peace.

Now, we also know that military power alone is not going solve the problems in Afghanistan and Pakistan. That's why we plan to invest $1.5 billion each year over the next five years to partner with Pakistanis to build schools and hospitals, roads and businesses, and hundreds of millions to help those who've been displaced.

That's why we are providing more than $2.8 billion to help Afghans develop their economy and deliver services that people depend on.

Now, let me also address the issue of Iraq. Unlike Afghanistan, Iraq was a war of choice that provoked strong differences in my country and around the world. Although I believe that the Iraqi people are ultimately better off without the tyranny of Saddam Hussein, I also believe that events in Iraq have reminded America of the need to use diplomacy and build international consensus to resolve our problems whenever possible.

(APPLAUSE)

Indeed, we can recall the words of Thomas Jefferson, who said, I hope that our wisdom will grow with our power and teach us that the less we use our power, the greater it will be. Today America has a dual responsibility to help Iraq forge a better future and to leave Iraq to Iraqis.

I have made it clear to the Iraqi people...

(APPLAUSE)

I have made it clear to the Iraqi people that we pursue no basis and no claim on their territory or resources. Iraq's sovereignty is its own. And that's why I ordered the removal of our combat brigades by next August. That is why we will honor our agreement with Iraq's democratically-elected government to remove combat troops from Iraqi cities by July and to remove all of our troops from Iraq by 2012.

(APPLAUSE)

We will help Iraq train its security forces and develop its economy. But we will support a secure and united Iraq as a partner and never as a patron.

And finally, just as America can never tolerate violence by extremists, we must never alter or forget our principles. 9/11 was an enormous trauma to our country. The fear and anger that it provoked was understandable. But in some cases, it led us to act contrary to our traditions and our ideals.

We are taking concrete actions to change course. I have unequivocally prohibited the use of torture by the United States. And I have ordered the prison at Guantanamo Bay closed by early next year.

(APPLAUSE)

So America will defend itself, respectful of the sovereignty of nations and the rule of law. And we will do so in partnership with Muslim communities, which are also threatened. The sooner the extremists are isolated and unwelcome in Muslim communities, the sooner we will all be safer.

Now, the second major source of tension that we need to discuss is the situation between Israelis, Palestinians and the Arab world. America's strong bonds with Israel are well-known. This bond is unbreakable. It is based upon cultural and historical ties and the recognition that the aspiration for a Jewish homeland isrooted in a tragic history that cannot be denied.

Around the world the Jewish people were persecuted for centuries. And anti-Semitism in Europe culminated in an unprecedented holocaust. Tomorrow I will visit Buchenwald, which was part of a network of camps where Jews were enslaved, tortured, shot and gassed to death by the Third Reich.

Six million Jews were killed, more than the entire Jewish population of Israel today. Denying that fact is baseless. It is ignorant, and it is hateful.

It's about preventing a nuclear arms race in the Middle East that could lead this region and the world down a hugely dangerous path.

Now, I understand those who protest that some countries have weapons that others do not. No single nations should pick and choose which nation holds nuclear weapons. And that's why I strongly reaffirmed America's commitment to seek a world in which no nations hold nuclear weapons.

(APPLAUSE)

And any nation, including Iran, should have the right to access peaceful nuclear power if it complies with its responsibilities under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. That commitment is at the core of the treaty. And it must be kept for all who fully abide by it. And I am hopeful that all countries in the region can share in this goal.

The fourth issue that I will address is democracy.

(APPLAUSE)

I know there has been controversy about the promotion of democracy in recent years. And much of this controversy is connected to the war in Iraq. So let me be clear. No system of government can or should be imposed by one nation by any other. That does not lessen my commitment, however, to governments that reflect the will of the people.

Each nation gives life to this principle in its own way, grounded in the traditions of its own people. America does not presume to know what is best for everyone, just as we would not presume to pick the outcome of a peaceful election.

But I do have an unyielding belief that all people yearn for certain things: the ability to speak your mind and have a say in how you are governed, confidence in the rule of law and the equal administration of justice, government that is transparent and doesn't steal from the people, the freedom to live as you choose. These are not just American ideas. They are human rights. And that is why we will support them everywhere.

(APPLAUSE)

Now, there is no straight line to realize this promise. But this much is clear. Governments that protect these rights are ultimately more stable, successful and secure. Suppressing ideas never succeeds in making them go away. America respects the right of all peaceful and law-abiding voices to be heard around the world, even if we disagree with them. And we will welcome all elected, peaceful governments, provided they govern with respect for all their people.

This last point is important because there are some who advocate for democracy only when they're out of power. Once in power, they are ruthless in suppressing the rights of others.

(APPLAUSE)

So no matter where it takes hold, government of the people and by the people sets a single standard for all who would hold power. You must maintain your power through consent, not coercion. You must respect the rights of minorities and participate with a spirit of tolerance and compromise. You must place the interests of your people and the legitimate workings of the political process above your party.

Without these ingredients, elections alone do not make true democracy.

(AUDIENCE MEMBER SHOUTS)

Thank you.

(APPLAUSE)

The fifth issue that we must address together is religious freedom. Islam has a proud tradition of tolerance. We see it in the history of Andalusia and Cordoba during the Inquisition. I saw it firsthand as a child in Indonesia where devote Christians worshipped freely in an overwhelmingly Muslim country.

That is the spirit we need today. People in every country should be free to choose and live their faith based upon the persuasion of the mind and the heart and the soul.

This tolerance is essential for religion to thrive. But it's being challenged in many different ways. Among some Muslims, there's a disturbing tendency to measure one's own faith by the rejection of somebody else's faith.

The richness of religious diversity must be upheld, whether it is for Maronites in Lebanon or the Copts in Egypt.

(APPLAUSE)

And if we are being honest, fault lines must be closed among Muslims as well as the divisions between Sunni and Shia have led to tragic violence, particularly in Iraq.

Freedom of religion is central to the ability of peoples to live together. We must always examine the ways in which people protect it. For instance, in the United States, rules on charitable giving have made it harder for Muslims to fulfill their religious obligation.

That's why I'm committed to work with American Muslims to ensure that they can fulfill zakat. Likewise, it is important for Western countries to avoid impeding Muslim citizens from practicing religion as they see fit, for instance,by dictating what clothes a Muslim woman should wear.

We can't disguise hostility towards any religion behind the pretense of liberalism. In fact, faith should bring us together. And that's why we're forging service projects in America to bring together Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

That's why we welcome efforts like Saudi Arabian King Abdullah's interfaith dialogue and Turkey's leadership in the Alliance of Civilizations.

Around the world, we can turn dialogue into interfaith service so bridges between peoples lead to action, whether it is combating malaria in Africa or providing relief after a natural disaster.

The sixth issue -- the sixth issue that I want to address is women's rights.

(APPLAUSE)

I know...

(APPLAUSE)

I know, and you can tell from this audience, that there is a healthy debate about this issue. I reject the view of some in the West that a woman who chooses to cover her hair is somehow less equal. But I do believe that a woman who is denied an education is denied equality.

(APPLAUSE)

And it is no coincidence that countries where women are well- educated are far more likely to be prosperous.

Now let me be clear, issues of women's equality are by no means simply an issue for Islam. In Turkey, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, we've seen Muslim-majority countries elect a woman to lead.

Meanwhile, the struggle for women's equality continues in many aspects of American life and in countries around the world. I am convinced that our daughters can contribute just as much to society as our sons.

(APPLAUSE)

Our common prosperity will be advanced by allowing all humanity, men and women, to reach their full potential. I do not believe that women must make the same choices as men in order to be equal. And I respect those women who choose to live their lives in traditional roles. But it should be their choice.

That is why the United States will partner with any Muslim- majority country to support expanded literacy for girls and to help young women pursue employment through micro-financing that helps people live their dreams.

(APPLAUSE)

Finally, I want to discuss economic development and opportunity. I know that for many, the face of globalization is contradictory. The Internet and television can bring knowledge and information but also offensive sexuality and mindless violence into the home.

Trade can bring new wealth and opportunities but also huge disruptions and change in communities. In all nations, including America, this change can bring fear; fear that, because of modernity, we lose control over our economic choices, our politics, and most importantly, our identities, those things we most cherish about our communities, our families, our traditions, and our faith.

But I also know that human progress cannot be denied. There need not be contradictions between development and tradition. Countries like Japan and South Korea grew their economies enormously while maintaining distinct cultures. The same is true for the astonishing progress within Muslim majority countries from Kuala Lumpur to Dubai.

In ancient times and in our times, Muslim communities have been at the forefront of innovation and education. And this is important because no development strategy can be based only upon what comes out of the ground nor can it be sustained while young people are out of work.

Many Gulf States have enjoyed great wealth as a consequence of oil, and some are beginning to focus it on broader development. But all of us must recognize that education and innovation will be the currency of the 21st century. And in too...

(APPLAUSE)

And in too many Muslim communities, there remains underinvestment in these areas. I am emphasizing such investment within my own country. And while America, in the past, has focused on oil and gas when it comes to this part of the world, we new seek a broader engagement.

On education, we will expand change programs and increase scholarships like the one that brought my father to America.

(APPLAUSE)

At the same time, we will encourage more Americans to study in Muslim communities. And we will match promising Muslim students are internships in America, invest in online learning for teachers and children around the world and create a new, online network so a young person in Kansas can communicate instantly with a young person in Cairo.

On economic development, we will create a new core of business volunteers to partner with counterparts in Muslim majority countries. And I will host a summit on entrepreneurship this year to identify how we can deepen ties between business leaders, foundations, and social entrepreneurs in the United States and Muslim communities around the world.

On science and technology, we will launch a new fund to support technological development in Muslim majority country and to help transfer ideas to the marketplace so they can create more jobs. We will open centers of scientific excellence in Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia and appoint new science envoys to collaborateon programs that develop new sources of energy, create green jobs, digitize records, clean water, grow new crops.

Today, I'm announcing a new global effort with the organization of the Islamic Conference to eradicate polio. And we will also expand partnerships with Muslim communities to promote child and maternal health.

All these things must be done in partnership. Americans are ready to join with citizens and governments, community organizations, religious leaders, and businesses in Muslim communities around the world to help our people pursue a better life.

The issues that I have described will not be easy to address, but we have a responsibility to join together to behalf of the world that we seek, a world where extremists no longer threaten our people and American troops have come home; a world where Israelis and Palestinians are each secure in a state of their own and nuclear energy is used for peaceful purposes, a world where governments serve their citizens and the rights of all God's children are respected. Those are mutual interests. That is the world we seek.But we can only achieve it together. I know there are many, Muslim and non-Muslim, who question whether we can forge this new beginning. Some are eager to stoke the flames of division and to stand in the way of progress. Some suggest that it isn't worth the effort, that we are fated to disagree and civilizations are doomed to clash.

Many more are simply skeptical that real change can occur. There is so much fear, so much mistrust that has built up over the years. But if we choose to be bound by the past, we will never move forward. And I want to particularly say this to young people of every faith in every country. You more than anyone have the ability to reimagine the world, the remake this world.

All of us share this world for but a brief moment in time. The question is whether we spend that time focused on what pushes us apart or whether we commit ourselves to an effort, a sustained effort to find common ground, to focus on the future we seek for our children and to respect the dignity of all human beings.

It's easier to start wars than to end them. It's easier to blame others than to look inward. It's easier to see what is different about someone than to find the things we share. But we should choose the right path, not just the easy path. There is one rule that lies at the heart of every religion, that we do unto others as we would have them do unto us.

(APPLAUSE)

This truth transcends nations and peoples, a belief that isn't new, that isn't black or white or brown, that isn't Christian or Muslim or Jew. It's a belief that pulsed in the cradle of civilization and that still beats in the hearts of billions around the world. It's a faith in other people. And it's what brought me here today.

We have the power to make the world we seek, but only if we have the courage to make a new beginning, keeping in mind what has been written. The Holy Quran tells us, Mankind, we have created you male and a female. And we have made you into nations and tribes so that you may know one another.

The Talmud tells us, The whole of the Torah is for the purpose of promoting peace.

The Holy Bible tells us, Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God.

(APPLAUSE)

The people of the world can live together in peace. We know that is God's vision. Now that must be our work here on Earth.

Thank you. And may God's peace be upon you. Thank you very much.

Thank you.

MANIFESTO DE OBAMA PARA OS ALUNOS

Já tinha publicado no lightinho dos domingos o discurso do Cairo. Aqui fica mais este de Barack Obama.

Publicado em 09 de Setembro de 2009
O presidente falou ontem aos alunos da América

Sei que para muitos de vocês hoje é o primeiro dia de aulas, e para os que entraram para o jardim infantil, para a escola primária ou secundária, é o primeiro dia numa nova escola, por isso é compreensível que estejam um pouco nervosos. Também deve haver alguns alunos mais velhos, contentes por saberem que já só lhes falta um ano. Mas, estejam em que ano estiverem, muitos devem ter pena por as férias de Verão terem acabado e já não poderem ficar até mais tarde na cama.

Também conheço essa sensação. Quando era miúdo, a minha família viveu alguns anos na Indonésia e a minha mãe não tinha dinheiro para me mandar para a escola onde andavam os outros miúdos americanos. Foi por isso que ela decidiu dar-me ela própria umas lições extras, segunda a sexta-feira, às 4h30 da manhã.

A ideia de me levantar àquela hora não me agradava por aí além. Adormeci muitas vezes sentado à mesa da cozinha. Mas quando eu me queixava a minha mãe respondia-me: "Olha que isto para mim também não é pêra doce, meu malandro..."

Tenho consciência de que alguns de vocês ainda estão a adaptar-se ao regresso às aulas, mas hoje estou aqui porque tenho um assunto importante a discutir convosco. Quero falar convosco da vossa educação e daquilo que se espera de vocês neste novo ano escolar.

Já fiz muitos discursos sobre educação, e falei muito de responsabilidade. Falei da responsabilidade dos vossos professores de vos motivarem, de vos fazerem ter vontade de aprender. Falei da responsabilidade dos vossos pais de vos manterem no bom caminho, de se assegurarem de que vocês fazem os trabalhos de casa e não passam o dia à frente da televisão ou a jogar com a Xbox. Falei da responsabilidade do vosso governo de estabelecer padrões elevados, de apoiar os professores e os directores das escolas e de melhorar as que não estão a funcionar bem e onde os alunos não têm as oportunidades que merecem.

No entanto, a verdade é que nem os professores e os pais mais dedicados, nem as melhores escolas do mundo são capazes do que quer que seja se vocês não assumirem as vossas responsabilidades. Se vocês não forem às aulas, não prestarem atenção a esses professores, aos vossos avós e aos outros adultos e não trabalharem duramente, como terão de fazer se quiserem ser bem sucedidos.

E hoje é nesse assunto que quero concentrar-me: na responsabilidade de cada um de vocês pela sua própria educação.

Todos vocês são bons em alguma coisa. Não há nenhum que não tenha alguma coisa a dar. E é a vocês que cabe descobrir do que se trata. É essa oportunidade que a educação vos proporciona.

Talvez tenham a capacidade de ser bons escritores - suficientemente bons para escreverem livros ou artigos para jornais -, mas se não fizerem o trabalho de Inglês podem nunca vir a sabê-lo. Talvez sejam pessoas inovadoras ou inventores - quem sabe capazes de criar o próximo iPhone ou um novo medicamento ou vacina -, mas se não fizerem o projecto de Ciências podem não vir a percebê-lo. Talvez possam vir a ser mayors ou senadores, ou juízes do Supremo Tribunal, mas se não participarem nos debates dos clubes da vossa escola podem nunca vir a sabê-lo.

No entanto, escolham o que escolherem fazer com a vossa vida, garanto-vos que não será possível a não ser que estudem. Querem ser médicos, professores ou polícias? Querem ser enfermeiros, arquitectos, advogados ou militares? Para qualquer dessas carreiras é preciso ter estudos. Não podem deixar a escola e esperar arranjar um bom emprego. Têm de trabalhar, estudar, aprender para isso.

E não é só para as vossas vidas e para o vosso futuro que isto é importante. O que vocês fizerem com os vossos estudos vai decidir nada mais nada menos que o futuro do nosso país. Aquilo que aprenderem na escola agora vai decidir se enquanto país estaremos à altura dos desafios do futuro.

Vão precisar dos conhecimentos e das competências que se aprendem e desenvolvem nas ciências e na matemática para curar doenças como o cancro e a sida e para desenvolver novas tecnologias energéticas que protejam o ambiente. Vão precisar da penetração e do sentido crítico que se desenvolvem na história e nas ciências sociais para que deixe de haver pobres e sem-abrigo, para combater o crime e a discriminação e para tornar o nosso país mais justo e mais livre. Vão precisar da criatividade e do engenho que se desenvolvem em todas as disciplinas para criar novas empresas que criem novos empregos e desenvolvam a economia.

Precisamos que todos vocês desenvolvam os vossos talentos, competências e intelectos para ajudarem a resolver os nossos problemas mais difíceis. Se não o fizerem - se abandonarem a escola -, não é só a vocês mesmos que estão a abandonar, é ao vosso país.

Eu sei que não é fácil ter bons resultados na escola. Tenho consciência de que muitos têm dificuldades na vossa vida que dificultam a tarefa de se concentrarem nos estudos. Percebo isso, e sei do que estou a falar. O meu pai deixou a nossa família quando eu tinha dois anos e eu fui criado só pela minha mãe, que teve muitas vezes dificuldade em pagar as contas e nem sempre nos conseguia dar as coisas que os outros miúdos tinham. Tive muitas vezes pena de não ter um pai na minha vida. Senti-me sozinho e tive a impressão que não me adaptava, e por isso nem sempre conseguia concentrar-me nos estudos como devia. E a minha vida podia muito bem ter dado para o torto.

Mas tive sorte. Tive muitas segundas oportunidades e consegui ir para a faculdade, estudar Direito e realizar os meus sonhos. A minha mulher, a nossa primeira-dama, Michelle Obama, tem uma história parecida com a minha. Nem o pai nem a mãe dela estudaram e não eram ricos. No entanto, trabalharam muito, e ela própria trabalhou muito para poder frequentar as melhores escolas do nosso país.

Alguns de vocês podem não ter tido estas oportunidades. Talvez não haja nas vossas vidas adultos capazes de vos dar o apoio de que precisam. Quem sabe se não há alguém desempregado e o dinheiro não chega. Pode ser que vivam num bairro pouco seguro ou os vossos amigos queiram levar-vos a fazer coisas que vocês sabem que não estão bem.

Apesar de tudo isso, as circunstâncias da vossa vida - o vosso aspecto, o sítio onde nasceram, o dinheiro que têm, os problemas da vossa família - não são desculpa para não fazerem os vossos trabalhos nem para se portarem mal. Não são desculpa para responderem mal aos vossos professores, para faltarem às aulas ou para desistirem de estudar. Não são desculpa para não estudarem.

A vossa vida actual não vai determinar forçosamente aquilo que vão ser no futuro. Ninguém escreve o vosso destino por vocês. Aqui, nos Estados Unidos, somos nós que decidimos o nosso destino. Somos nós que fazemos o nosso futuro.

E é isso que os jovens como vocês fazem todos os dias em todo o país. Jovens como Jazmin Perez, de Roma, no Texas. Quando a Jazmin foi para a escola não falava inglês. Na terra dela não havia praticamente ninguém que tivesse andado na faculdade, e o mesmo acontecia com os pais dela. No entanto, ela estudou muito, teve boas notas, ganhou uma bolsa de estudos para a Universidade de Brown, e actualmente está a estudar Saúde Pública.

Estou a pensar ainda em Andoni Schultz, de Los Altos, na Califórnia, que aos três anos descobriu que tinha um tumor cerebral. Teve de fazer imensos tratamentos e operações, uma delas que lhe afectou a memória, e por isso teve de estudar muito mais - centenas de horas a mais - que os outros. No entanto, nunca perdeu nenhum ano e agora entrou na faculdade.

E também há o caso da Shantell Steve, da minha cidade, Chicago, no Illinois. Embora tenha saltado de família adoptiva para família adoptiva nos bairros mais degradados, conseguiu arranjar emprego num centro de saúde, organizou um programa para afastar os jovens dos gangues e está prestes a acabar a escola secundária com notas excelentes e a entrar para a faculdade.

A Jazmin, o Andoni e a Shantell não são diferentes de vocês. Enfrentaram dificuldades como as vossas. Mas não desistiram. Decidiram assumir a responsabilidade pelos seus estudos e esforçaram-se por alcançar objectivos. E eu espero que vocês façam o mesmo.

É por isso que hoje me dirijo a cada um de vocês para que estabeleça os seus próprios objectivos para os seus estudos, e para que faça tudo o que for preciso para os alcançar. O vosso objectivo pode ser apenas fazer os trabalhos de casa, prestar atenção às aulas ou ler todos os dias algumas páginas de um livro. Também podem decidir participar numa actividade extracurricular, ou fazer trabalho voluntário na vossa comunidade. Talvez decidam defender miúdos que são vítimas de discriminação, por serem quem são ou pelo seu aspecto, por acreditarem, como eu acredito, que todas as crianças merecem um ambiente seguro em que possam estudar. Ou pode ser que decidam cuidar de vocês mesmos para aprenderem melhor. E é nesse sentido que espero que lavem muitas vezes as mãos e que não vão às aulas se estiverem doentes, para evitarmos que haja muitas pessoas a apanhar gripe neste Outono e neste Inverno.

Mas decidam o que decidirem gostava que se empenhassem. Que trabalhassem duramente. Eu sei que muitas vezes a televisão dá a impressão que podemos ser ricos e bem-sucedidos sem termos de trabalhar - que o vosso caminho para o sucesso passa pelo rap, pelo basquetebol ou por serem estrelas de reality shows -, mas a verdade é que isso é muito pouco provável. A verdade é que o sucesso é muito difícil. Não vão gostar de todas as disciplinas nem de todos os professores. Nem todos os trabalhos vão ser úteis para a vossa vida a curto prazo. E não vão forçosamente alcançar os vossos objectivos à primeira.

No entanto, isso pouco importa. Algumas das pessoas mais bem-sucedidas do mundo são as que sofreram mais fracassos. O primeiro livro do Harry Potter, de J. K. Rowling, foi rejeitado duas vezes antes de ser publicado. Michael Jordan foi expulso da equipa de basquetebol do liceu, perdeu centenas de jogos e falhou milhares de lançamentos ao longo da sua carreira. No entanto, uma vez disse: "Falhei muitas e muitas vezes na minha vida. E foi por isso que fui bem-sucedido."

Estas pessoas alcançaram os seus objectivos porque perceberam que não podemos deixar que os nossos fracassos nos definam - temos de permitir que eles nos ensinem as suas lições. Temos de deixar que nos mostrem o que devemos fazer de maneira diferente quando voltamos a tentar. Não é por nos metermos num sarilho que somos desordeiros. Isso só quer dizer que temos de fazer um esforço maior por nos comportarmos bem. Não é por termos uma má nota que somos estúpidos. Essa nota só quer dizer que temos de estudar mais.

Ninguém nasce bom em nada. Tornamo-nos bons graças ao nosso trabalho. Não entramos para a primeira equipa da universidade a primeira vez que praticamos um desporto. Não acertamos em todas as notas a primeira vez que cantamos uma canção. Temos de praticar. O mesmo acontece com o trabalho da escola. É possível que tenham de fazer um problema de Matemática várias vezes até acertarem, ou de ler muitas vezes um texto até o perceberem, ou de fazer um esquema várias vezes antes de poderem entregá-lo.

Não tenham medo de fazer perguntas. Não tenham medo de pedir ajuda quando precisarem. Eu todos os dias o faço. Pedir ajuda não é um sinal de fraqueza, é um sinal de força. Mostra que temos coragem de admitir que não sabemos e de aprender coisas novas. Procurem um adulto em quem confiem - um pai, um avô ou um professor ou treinador - e peçam-lhe que vos ajude.

E mesmo quando estiverem em dificuldades, mesmo quando se sentirem desencorajados e vos parecer que as outras pessoas vos abandonaram - nunca desistam de vocês mesmos. Quando desistirem de vocês mesmos é do vosso país que estão a desistir.

A história da América não é a história dos que desistiram quando as coisas se tornaram difíceis. É a das pessoas que continuaram, que insistiram, que se esforçaram mais, que amavam demasiado o seu país para não darem o seu melhor.

É a história dos estudantes que há 250 anos estavam onde vocês estão agora e fizeram uma revolução e fundaram este país. É a dos estudantes que estavam onde vocês estão há 75 anos e ultrapassaram uma depressão e ganharam uma guerra mundial, lutaram pelos direitos civis e puseram um homem na Lua. É a dos estudantes que estavam onde vocês estão há 20 anos e fundaram a Google, o Twitter e o Facebook e mudaram a maneira como comunicamos uns com os outros.

Por isso hoje quero perguntar-vos qual é o contributo que pretendem fazer. Quais são os problemas que tencionam resolver? Que descobertas pretendem fazer? Quando daqui a 20 ou a 50 ou a 100 anos um presidente vier aqui falar, que vai dizer que vocês fizeram pelo vosso país?

As vossas famílias, os vossos professores e eu estamos a fazer tudo o que podemos para assegurar que vocês têm a educação de que precisam para responder a estas perguntas. Estou a trabalhar duramente para equipar as vossas salas de aulas e pagar os vossos livros, o vosso equipamento e os computadores de que vocês precisam para estudar. E por isso espero que trabalhem a sério este ano, que se esforcem o mais possível em tudo o que fizerem. Espero grandes coisas de todos vocês. Não nos desapontem. Não desapontem as vossas famílias e o vosso país. Façam-nos sentir orgulho em vocês. Tenho a certeza que são capazes.